How do you make ceramics?




Ceramics generally start with a clay-based material dug from the ground that's mixed with water (to make it soft and flexible) and other materials, squashed into shape, then fired at high-temperature in a large industrial oven called a kiln. Firing is what most ceramics have in common; the very word "ceramic" originally comes from Sanskrit and means "to burn." These four basic processes—digging the raw material from the ground, adding water, shaping, and firing—have been used to make ceramics for thousands of years.

The US Geological Survey lists six types of clay mined in the United States: common clay, kaolin (China clay), bentonite, ball clay, fuller's Earth, and fire clay, and each has a number of different uses:
  • Common clay is mostly used for bricks, cement, and aggregate.
  • Kaolin is widely used for making glossy paper. (It's also used in kaolin and morphine, a medicine for upset stomachs.)
  • Bentonite has a variety of industrial uses, including drilling mud and foundry sand, and is also found in household products that absorb pet waste.
  • Ball clay is a high quality clay prized for its use in ceramics, sanitaryware, and wall and floor tiles.
  • Fuller's Earth is also used for pet-waste products.
  • Fire clay is used in refractory (high-temperature) bricks and cement.

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